Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

If using the water would make him ill, then he falls under the general meaning of Allah’s saying: “If you are ill or on a journey…” [al-Ma'idah 5:6].

For example, if he has sores on the limbs washed in ablution, or if, when a full ritual bath is required, he has sores all over his body and fears bodily harm, then he may perform dry ablution.

The same applies if he fears the cold: he should heat the water, but if he cannot find anything with which to heat it, he performs dry ablution, because he fears bodily harm. Allah, Most High, says: “Do not kill yourselves, for Allah is ever Merciful to you” [al-Nisa' 4:29]. Amr ibn al-As, may Allah be pleased with him, cited this verse as evidence for the permissibility of dry ablution in cold weather when a full ritual bath is required (1).

His statement, “or harm to his body from seeking it,” means that he fears bodily harm from seeking water because it is somewhat distant, or because of the intense cold of the weather; in that case, he performs dry ablution.

The evidence for this is His saying, Exalted is He: “Do not kill yourselves” [al-Nisa' 4:29]; and His saying: “Do not throw yourselves into destruction with your own hands” [al-Baqarah 2:195]; and His saying: “He has not placed any hardship upon you in religion” [al-Hajj 22:78]. Fear of harm is a hardship. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “There should be neither harm nor reciprocating harm” (2).

(1) Reported by al-Bukhari in a suspended form, using a tentative wording, in the Book of Tayammum, chapter: “When a person in major ritual impurity fears illness for himself ...,” no. 345. It was transmitted with a connected chain by Abu Dawud and al-Hakim. Ibn Hajar said: “Its chain is strong, but he cited it in suspended form using a tentative wording because he abridged it.” See Fath al-Bari, in the commentary on the cited chapter heading. (2) Reported by Ahmad, 5:326-327, and Ibn Majah, Book of Judgments, chapter: “One who builds on his property in a manner harmful to his neighbor,” no. 2340, from the hadith of Ubadah ibn al-Samit. It is also reported from Abu Said, Abu Hurayrah, Jabir, Ibn Abbas, Aishah, and others. Al-Nawawi said: “It is a hasan (fair) hadith ... and it has routes that strengthen one another.” Ibn Rajab said: “It is as he said.” Ibn al-Salah said: “Al-Daraqutni transmitted this hadith with chains through several routes; taken together, they strengthen the hadith and render it hasan, and the majority of scholars have accepted it and used it as evidence.” See Ibn Rajab, Jami al-Ulum wal-Hikam, commentary on hadith no. 32.
بَدَنُه باستعماله الماءَ صار مريضاً، فيدخل في عموم قوله تعالى: ﴿وَإِنْ كُنْتُمْ مَرْضَى أَوْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ﴾ الآية [المائدة: ٦]. كما لو كان في أعضاء وُضُوئه قُروح، أو في بَدَنِه كُلِّه عند الغُسْل قُروح وخاف ضَرَر بَدَنِه فله أن يتيمَّم. وكذا لو خاف البرْد، فإِنه يُسخِّن الماء، فإِن لم يَجِد ما يسخِّن به تيمَّم؛ لأنَّه خَشِيَ على بَدَنِه من الضَّرر، وقد قال تعالى: ﴿وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِكُمْ رَحِيمًا﴾ [النساء: ٢٩]. واستدلَّ عمرو بن العاص ﵁ بهذه الآية على جواز التَّيمُّم عند البَرْد إِذا كان عليه غُسْل (١). وقوله: «أو طلبِه ضرَرَ بدنِهِ»، أي: خاف ضَرَرَ بَدَنِه بطلَبِ الماء، لبُعْدِه بعض الشيء، أو لِشدَّة برودة الجَوِّ، فيتيمم. والدَّليل على هذا قوله ﷾: ﴿وَلَا تَقْتُلُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ﴾ [النساء: ٢٩]، وقوله: ﴿وَلَا تُلْقُوا بِأَيْدِيكُمْ إِلَى التَّهْلُكَةِ﴾ [البقرة: ١٩٥]، وقوله: ﴿وَمَا جَعَلَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ مِنْ حَرَجٍ﴾ [الحج: ٧٨]، وخَوْفُ الضَّرر حَرَجٌ، وقوله ﷺ: «لا ضَرَرَ، ولا ضِرَار» (٢).
(١) رواه البخاري تعليقاً بصيغة التمريض، كتاب التيمم: باب «إذا خاف الجنب على نفسه المرض … » رقم (٣٤٥)، ووصله أبو داود والحاكم. قال ابن حجر: «وإسناده قويٌّ؛ لكنه علَّقه بصيغة التمريض لكونه اختصره». «الفتح» شرح ترجمة الباب المذكور. (٢) رواه أحمد (٥/ ٣٢٦ ـ ٣٢٧)، وابن ماجه، كتاب الأحكام: باب من بنى في حقِّه ما يضرّ بجاره، رقم (٢٣٤٠) من حديث عبادة بن الصامت. ورُوي أيضاً من حديث أبي سعيد، وأبي هريرة، وجابر، وابن عباس، وعائشة وغيرهم. قال النووي: «حديث حسن … وله طرق يَقْوَى بعضها ببعض». قال ابن رجب: «وهو كما قال». قال ابن الصَّلاح: «هذا الحديث أسنده الدارقطني من وجوه، ومجموعها يقوِّي الحديث ويحسِّنه، وقد تقبله جماهير أهل العلم، واحتجُّوا به». انظر: «جامع العلوم والحكم» لابن رجب، شرح حديث رقم (٣٢) .....

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