has authority over him. For example, he may be the chief of his people, and this man is one of them, so he is able to produce him. The inability to produce him would only be an incidental circumstance; otherwise, the presumption is that this surety is capable of producing him. On this basis, a distinction may be drawn between someone who has full ability to produce a person liable to a prescribed punishment and an ordinary person who is unable to do so. Regarding the former, it may be said that his suretyship is valid, whereas regarding the latter, it is unquestionably invalid.
The well-known position of the madhhab—the one followed by the author—is that standing surety for a person liable to a prescribed punishment is invalid under all circumstances. The reason for this is what we have mentioned: if it is impossible to exact the punishment from the principal, it cannot be exacted from the surety.
His statement, “nor retaliation,” means: nor for a person liable to retaliation—that is, someone who has committed a killing, whose execution has been demanded by the heirs of the slain, and against whom this has been established. When we intend to execute him, he says, “Allow me to go to my family, write my will, and inform them of the debts and other obligations I owe; then I shall return.” He is asked, “Who will stand surety for you?” He replies, “So-and-so will stand surety for me.” This is not valid, because if the person liable to retaliation cannot be produced, we cannot exact it from the surety.
It should be noted, however, that retaliation is less restrictive, because if retaliation cannot be carried out, we revert to blood money, and the surety may pay the blood money. Therefore, those who deem suretyship valid in the case of a prescribed punishment when the surety is able to produce the principal would, all the more, deem it valid for one liable to retaliation. This is because, if retaliation cannot be carried out due to the principal’s failure to appear, the matter may be reverted to blood money.
The madhhab holds that it is invalid to stand surety for the person of one liable to retaliation; and the basis