Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

remain with me as a pledge. The preponderant view is that this is permissible, because the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, prohibited the sale of measured and weighed goods before they are received only when sold to someone other than their seller. This, however, is a pledge given to the seller. Thus, when the term falls due—if the debt was deferred—and the buyer has not paid, the seller may sell it and recover his due.

Whatever may not be sold may not validly be pledged, except for fruit and green crops before their ripeness becomes apparent, without stipulating that they be cut.

His statement, “Whatever may not be sold may not validly be pledged,” means that anything whose sale is impermissible cannot be validly pledged, for there is no benefit in pledging it. Thus, if you were to pledge your child, the pledge would not be valid. The principle, then, is: “Whatever cannot validly be sold cannot validly be pledged,” because there is no benefit in pledging something that cannot validly be sold. All contracts that serve no purpose are void and are not regarded by the Sacred Law as having any standing. What benefit is there in pledging something that cannot be sold? When the term falls due, what can I do with it? It would only add trouble and hardship, with no benefit.

His statement, “except for fruit and green crops before their ripeness becomes apparent, without stipulating that they be cut,” refers to fruit becoming yellow or red, and to grain becoming firm. Selling them before their ripeness becomes apparent, without stipulating that they be cut, is invalid. Yet pledging them before their ripeness becomes apparent, without such a stipulation, is valid. For when the term falls due, if they have ripened, they may be sold; otherwise, one waits until their ripeness becomes apparent. If the pledgee knows that two or three months remain before they ripen, he has entered into the transaction with full knowledge, so there is no problem. This exception is clear. Thus, it is permissible to pledge fruit before its ripeness becomes apparent, even without stipulating that it be cut, because the pledgee’s right is not lost. Indeed, stipulating that it be cut may invalidate the contract, since there would be no benefit in it.

تكون عندي رهناً، فالقول الراجح أنه جائز؛ وذلك لأن النبي ﷺ إنما نهى عن بيع المكيل والموزون قبل قبضه على غير بائعه، وهذا رهن على بائعه، فإذا حلَّ الأجل، وكان الدين مؤجلاً ولم يوفِ، باعه البائع واستوفى حقه. وَمَا لَا يَجُوزُ بَيْعُهُ لَا يَصِحُّ رَهْنُهُ إِلاَّ الثَّمرةَ والزَّرْعَ الأخْضَرَ قَبْلَ بُدُوِّ صَلَاحِهِمَا بِدُونِ شَرْطِ القَطْعِ .. قوله: «وما لا يجوز بيعه لا يصح رهنه» كل ما لا يجوز بيعه لا يصح رهنه؛ لأن رهنه حينئذٍ لا فائدة منه، ولهذا لو أنك رهنت ولدك فإنه لا يصح، إذاً القاعدة: «ما لا يصح بيعه لا يصح رهنه»؛ لأن رهن ما لا يصح بيعه لا فائدة منه، والعقود التي لا فائدة منها كلها لغوٌ، لا يعتبرها الشارع شيئاً، فأي فائدة أن أرهن شيئاً لا يصح بيعه، فإذا حل الأجل ماذا أعمل؟! ليس إلا زيادة عناء ومشقة لا فائدة منها. قوله: «إلا الثمرة والزرع الأخضر قبل بدو صلاحهما بدون شرط القطع» وبدو صلاح الثمرة إذا اصفرت أو احمرت، والزرع إذا اشتد حبه، فبيعهما قبل بدو صلاحهما بدون شرط القطع لا يصح، لكن رهنهما قبل بدو صلاحهما بدون شرط القطع صحيح؛ لأنه إذا حل الأجل فإن كان قد بدا صلاحهما أمكن البيع وإلا انتظر حتى يبدو الصلاح، والمرتهن إذا كان يعرف أن الصلاح قد بقي عليه شهران أو ثلاثة قد دخل على بصيرة، فليس فيه إشكال، وهذا الاستثناء واضح، فيجوز أن ترهن الثمرة قبل بدو صلاحها، وإن لم يشترط القطع؛ لأن حق المرتهن لا يضيع؛ بل إن شرط القطع قد يكون مفسداً للعقد؛ لأنه لا فائدة منه.

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