take possession from one another, it would be riba. But if he lends him one dirham and, after a month, he gives it back to him, it is not riba, even though its outward form resembles riba; the only difference is the intention. Since the purpose of a loan is to provide ease and to show kindness, it is permissible.
As for its ruling, the author says:
“It is recommended. Whatever may validly be sold may validly be lent, except human beings. Ownership is acquired by taking possession of it; thus, returning the very item is not required. Rather, its equivalent becomes an immediate liability upon the borrower, even if the lender stipulates a term. If the borrower returns it, acceptance is obligatory.”
His statement, “It is recommended,” applies to the lender. As for the borrower, it is permissible. It should not be said that this falls under the blameworthy practice of asking from others. There are two parties here: the lender and the borrower. For the lender, giving a loan is recommended—that is, encouraged—because it is an act of kindness and thus falls under the general meaning of Allah’s statement:
“And do good; indeed, Allah loves the doers of good.” [Al-Baqarah 2:195]
In terms of its underlying purpose, it relieves the need of one’s Muslim brother. At times, a loan may be more rewarding than charity, because generally only someone in need seeks a loan. Charity, however, is superior in that it does not burden one’s liability: once you give it to him, nothing remains owed by him.
At times, giving a loan is obligatory—when the borrower is in dire necessity and his necessity cannot be relieved except through a loan. However, it is obligatory only for someone able to provide it without harm to his own maintenance or that of his dependents.
Likewise, it may at times be forbidden, if the borrower takes the loan in order to commit something unlawful, due to Allah’s statement:
“And do not cooperate in sin and aggression.” [Al-Ma’idah 5:2]
Nevertheless, in principle, it is recommended for the lender because it is an act of kindness.
As for the borrower, it is permissible, and it should not be said that it is among the blameworthy forms of asking. It is authentically established that the Prophet ﷺ borrowed (1).