Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

For example, a person owes another ten dinars and pays him off in dirhams little by little. If, with each dirham he gives him, he reckons it against the dinars, this is valid. Thus, if the ten dinars are equivalent to one hundred dirhams, each time the debtor brings ten dirhams, he says, “These are in exchange for one dinar.” This is valid, because the owner of the dinars has, in fact, taken possession of them, since they are with him. But if he does not say this, and instead brings ten dirhams every day until he has completed and handed over one hundred, then it is not valid.

He said: “If he does not do this, and they subsequently settle their accounts and exchange it at the time of settlement, it is not permissible, because it is a sale of debt for debt. But if one of them takes possession from the other of what is owed to him, then exchanges it for something present and a debt, it is valid” (1).

“If he does not do this” means: if, with each dirham he gives, he does not say, “This is in exchange for such-and-such.” “Then they subsequently settle their accounts” means that, after the dirhams have been fully paid, they settle their accounts. If they exchange it at the time of settlement, it is not permissible, because it is a sale of debt for debt. He has been bringing ten dirhams every day until the hundred is complete, and then says, “Now let us exchange: the one hundred dirhams you have is in exchange for the dinars I owe.” Yet neither dinars nor dirhams are present. It is therefore a sale of debt for debt: the dinars owed by the debtor are sold in exchange for the dirhams received by the creditor. Thus, it is not valid.

The proper way is for one of the two currencies to be present. This is why he said: “But if one of them takes possession from the other of what is owed to him, then exchanges it for something present and a debt, it is valid.” Thus, one may say: “Bring ten dinars,” and then say, “These dinars are in exchange for the one hundred dirhams you have.” The exchange is then between something present and a debt. And if he brings

(1) Al-Rawd with the marginal notes of Ibn Qasim, 4:529.
مثاله: إنسان في ذمته عشرة دنانير لشخص فقضاها دراهم شيئاً فشيئاً، فإن كان يعطيه كل درهم بحسابه من الدنانير صح؛ فالدنانير عشرة تساوي مائة، فصار هذا المطلوب كلما جاء بعشرة دراهم قال: هذه مقابل دينار فهذا يصح؛ لأن صاحب الدنانير قد قبضها في الواقع إذ هي عنده، وإن كان لا يقول هكذا لكنه يأتي كل يوم بعشرة دراهم حتى انتهى وسلمه مائة فإنه لا يصح. قال: «وإن لم يفعل ذلك ثم تحاسبا بعده فصارفه بها وقت المحاسبة لم يجز؛ لأنه بيع دين بدين، وأن قبض أحدهما من الآخر ما له عليه، ثم صارفه بعين وذمة صح» (١). «إن لم يفعل» أي: إن لم يعطه كل درهم بحسابه يقول: هذا في مقابل كذا «ثم تحاسبا بعد» يعني بعد أن تمت الدراهم تحاسبا، وصارفه بها وقت المحاسبة لم يجز؛ لأنه بيع دين بدين، صار يأتي كل يوم بعشرة دراهم فانتهت المائة، وقال: الآن نتصارف فما عندك من المائة مقابل ما علي من الدنانير؛ ولم يحضر لا دنانير ولا دراهم، إذاً هو بيع دين بدين، بيع ما في ذمة المطلوب ـ دنانير ـ بما استلمه الطالب من الدراهم فلا يصح. والطريق أن يحضر إحداهما ولهذا قال: «وإن قبض أحدهما من الآخر ما له عليه، ثم صارفه بعين وذمة صح» فيقال: أحضر عشرة دنانير ثم بعد ذلك قل: هذه الدنانير هي مقابل ما عندك من الدراهم، وهي مائة فيكون الصرف الآن عيناً بذمة، وإن أحضر
(١) الروض مع حاشية ابن قاسم (٤/ ٥٢٩).

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