even though this note is regarded as one riyal. This is like that case.

A genus is that which has a specific name encompassing various types, such as wheat and the like. The derivative forms of genera—such as flours, breads, oils, and meats—are distinct genera according to their respective origins.

His statement, “A genus is that which has a specific name encompassing various types, such as wheat and the like,” means that the criterion for a genus is that it encompasses things differing in their types.

A type, on the other hand, encompasses things differing in their individual instances. This is the distinction. For example, wheat is a genus because it encompasses things that differ in their types. Wheat includes what is called hinṭah, what is called maʿiyyah, what is called jarībā’, and what is called luqaymī. These are four types; thus, wheat is a genus that encompasses types.

A type is something that encompasses things differing in their individual instances. Hinṭah, for example, encompasses different individual instances: the hinṭah that I possess, the hinṭah that you possess, and the like.

Is the human being a genus or a type?

The answer is: a genus, because it encompasses things differing in their types, namely male and female.

Animal is also a genus, but it is broader than human, because it includes humans and nonhumans. Thus, it includes human beings, camels, cattle, sheep, and others; it is therefore broader.

Body is a genus broader still than those mentioned above, for it includes inanimate objects, animals, and human beings. As mentioned previously, animal includes various types.

This makes clear that something may be a genus in relation to what falls beneath it, and a type in relation to what is above it. Thus, a genus may be a type in relation to what is above it and a genus in relation to what is beneath it. What is meant here is the narrower genus, not the broader one. Therefore, if we were to sell a cow for a camel, they would share the broader genus, namely animality,