Al-Sharḥ al-Mumtiʿ - Ibn al-'Uthaymin - (8/85)

Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

Section

If a dhimmi refuses to pay the jizya or to abide by the rulings of Islam; or transgresses against a Muslim by killing, adultery, highway robbery, espionage, or sheltering a spy; or speaks ill of Allah, His Messenger, or His Book, then his covenant is nullified—not that of his wives and children—and his life and property become lawful.

His statement, “Section”: In this section, the author, may Allah have mercy on him, mentions those matters that nullify the covenant.

Those bound by treaty fall into three categories:

The first category consists of those who act treacherously. Their covenant is nullified, and they have no covenant, as Allah the Exalted says:

“And if they break their oaths after their treaty and attack your religion, then fight the leaders of disbelief, for they have no binding oaths, so that they may desist.” [al-Tawbah 9:12]

The second category consists of those who remain upright in their dealings with us. We remain upright in our dealings with them, and they remain under their covenant, as Allah the Exalted says:

“So long as they remain true to you, remain true to them.” [al-Tawbah 9:7]

The third category consists of those from whom treachery is feared. In that case, we renounce the covenant to them and inform them that there is no covenant between us and them, so that both they and we are on equal terms, as Allah the Exalted says:

“And if you fear treachery from a people, then renounce their treaty to them on equal terms.” [al-Anfal 8:58]

That is, renounce their covenant to them, so that you and they are on equal terms.

The dhimmi is included in this. If he departs from the rulings of Islam that are binding upon him, his covenant is nullified, because the covenant between us and him requires him to abide by the rulings of Islam, including payment of the jizya.

His statement, “If the dhimmi refuses to pay the jizya”: that is, if he refuses to give the jizya, his covenant is nullified, and his life and property become lawful.

His statement, “or to abide by the rulings of Islam”: such as if he openly drinks wine and publicizes it, refuses to submit to the prescribed punishments for matters which he himself considers prohibited, or does not refrain from marrying women who are unmarriageable due to kinship—where he is not a Magian. For the Magian considers marriage to such women permissible, but the Jews and Christians do not

فَصْلٌ فَإِنْ أبَى الذِّمِيُّ بَذْلَ الجِزْيَةِ أَو التِزَامَ حُكْمِ الإِسْلَام أَوْ تَعَدَّى عَلَى مُسلِمٍ بِقَتْلٍ أو زِنا، أَوْ قَطْعِ طَرِيقٍ، أَوْ تَجَسُّسٍ، أَو إِيْوَاءِ جَاسُوسٍ، أَوْ ذَكَرَ اللهَ أَوْ رَسُولَهُ أَوْ كِتَابَهُ بِسُوءٍ انْتَقَض عَهْدُهُ دُونَ نِسائِهِ وَأَوْلَادِهِ، وَحَلَّ دَمُهُ وَمَالُهُ. قوله: «فصل» هذا الفصل ذكر فيه المؤلف ﵀ ما ينتقض به العهد. والمعاهدون ينقسمون إلى ثلاثة أقسام: القسم الأول: من غدر فإنه قد انتقض عهده، ولا عهد له، كما قال تعالى: ﴿وَإِنْ نَكَثُوا أَيْمَانَهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ عَهْدِهِمْ وَطَعَنُوا فِي دِينِكُمْ فَقَاتِلُوا أَئِمَّةَ الْكُفْرِ إِنَّهُمْ لَا أَيْمَانَ لَهُمْ﴾ [التوبة: ١٢]. القسم الثاني: من استقام لنا، فإننا نستقيم له، ويبقى على عهده، لقوله تعالى: ﴿فَمَا اسْتَقَامُوا لَكُمْ فَاسْتَقِيمُوا لَهُمْ﴾ [التوبة: ٧]. القسم الثالث: من خيف منه الغدر، فإننا ننبذ إليه العهد، ونخبره بأنه لا عهد بيننا وبينه؛ لنكون نحن وإياه على سواء، كما قال تعالى: ﴿وَإِمَّا تَخَافَنَّ مِنْ قَوْمٍ خِيَانَةً فَانْبِذْ إِلَيْهِمْ عَلَى سَوَاءٍ﴾ [الأنفال: ٥٨]، أي: انبذ إليهم عهدهم لتكون أنت وإياهم سواء. والذمي داخل في هذا، فإذا خرج عما يلزمه من أحكام الإسلام فإنه ينتقض عهده؛ لأن العهد الذي بيننا وبينه أن يلتزم بأحكام الإسلام، ومنها أن يبذل الجزية. قوله: «فإن أبى الذمي بذل الجزية» أي: رفض إعطاء الجزية، فإن عهده ينتقض، ويحل دمه وماله. قوله: «أو التزام حكم الإسلام» بأن صار يجهر بشرب الخمر ويعلنه، ولا يلتزم بإقامة الحدود عليه فيما يعتقد تحريمه، ولا يتورع عن نكاح ذوات المحارم في غير المجوسي؛ لأن المجوسي يرى أن نكاح ذوات المحارم جائز، لكن اليهود والنصارى لا