the Muslims, even if it is a child who dies while both his parents are disbelievers; he may not be buried in Muslim cemeteries. Rather, they must remain separate.

Likewise, in life they must be distinguished from Muslims in their appearance, clothing, and manner of riding, lest people mistake them for Muslims. For example:

With regard to appearance, they said: they should shave the front of their heads—that is, they should have a distinctive hairstyle by which they are set apart from other Muslims.

With regard to clothing, they should bind their waists with a zunnār (a distinctive belt), so that they may be recognized as protected non-Muslim subjects.

Likewise, they should be given an identifying mark when entering public bathhouses: a jaljal (a small bell), or a collar placed around their necks, on condition that it does not bear a cross. For they are prohibited from displaying the cross, since it is the emblem of their religion.

Likewise, with regard to mounts, they must never ride horses, because horses are the means of fighting and jihad. Rather, they may ride camels and donkeys.

Hence he said: “They may ride animals other than horses without saddles, using pack-saddles.” That is, they may ride animals other than horses, such as donkeys, but they are not to saddle them—that is, they are not to place a saddle upon them. A saddle is an ornate, finely made riding-seat. Rather, they are to ride with a pack-saddle, which is a padded cloth resembling an elongated cushion placed along the donkey’s back, tied onto it, and then ridden upon, because it does not suggest pride or distinction. A saddle, on the other hand, is known to have decorations, embroidery, hanging ornaments, and an attractive appearance.

They must also ride sideways, unlike the manner in which Muslims ride,