Al-Sharḥ al-Mumtiʿ - Ibn al-'Uthaymin - (8/61)

Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

the religion of Islam, for they will mingle with the Muslims, observe the conditions of Islam, and may perhaps come to desire it.

No jizyah is due from a child, a woman, a slave, or a poor person unable to pay it.

His statement, “No jizyah is due from a child, a woman, or a slave”: jizyah is not obligatory upon every disbeliever. That is, if we were to enter into a dhimmah covenant with these Jews or these Christians residing in our lands, would we impose the jizyah upon the head of the household and the members of his household?

The answer is no, for he says, “No jizyah is due from a child.” No jizyah is due from him because he is not fit for fighting. Jizyah is only imposed upon those who fight; as for one who does not fight, no jizyah is due from him, because there is no harm to be feared from him.

Likewise, no jizyah is due from a woman, because she is not among those fit for fighting. The basic principle is that women are not among those who fight, and jihad is not obligatory upon them. As the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said when Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, asked him, “Is jihad required of women?” He said: “They are required to undertake a jihad in which there is no fighting: Hajj and Umrah.” (1)

Likewise, no jizyah is due from a slave, because he owns nothing; thus, he is like a poor person, or in an even more restricted condition. A slave’s property belongs to his master, as the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Whoever sells a slave who possesses wealth, that wealth belongs to the one who sold him, unless the purchaser stipulates otherwise.” (2)

His statement, “or a poor person unable to pay it”: this is because the poor person has no wealth, and every

(1) Ahmad narrated it in his Musnad (6:71, 165), as did Ibn Majah in al-Manasik, chapter: “Hajj Is the Jihad of Women” (2901). Al-Hafiz stated in al-Bulugh (709) that its chain of transmission is sound. (2) Al-Bukhari narrated it in al-Musaqah, chapter: “A Man Who Has a Right of Passage or Watering in a Garden or Palm Grove” (2379); and Muslim in al-Buyu', chapter: “One Who Sells Palm Trees Bearing Dates” (1543 [80]), on the authority of Ibn Umar.

في الإسلام؛ لأنهم سوف يمتزجون بالمسلمين ويشاهدون أحوال الإسلام وربما يرغبون فيه. وَلَا جِزْيَةَ عَلَى صبَيّ وَلَا امْرَأةٍ ولَا عَبْدٍ، وَلَا فَقِيرٍ يَعْجزُ عَنْهَا، قوله: «ولا جزية على صبي ولا امرأة ولا عبد» الجزية لا تجب على كل أحد من الكفار، أي: لو عقدنا الذمة لهؤلاء اليهود أو هؤلاء النصارى الذين يقيمون في بلادنا فهل نجعل الجزية على رب العائلة وأفراد العائلة؟. الجواب: لا؛ لأنه يقول: «لا جزية على صبي» وإنما لم يكن عليه جزية؛ لأنه ليس أهلاً للقتال، والجزية إنما تكون على من يقاتل، أما من لا يقاتل فلا جزية عليه؛ لأنه لا شر فيه. وكذلك لا جزية على امرأة؛ لأنها ليست من أهل القتال، هذا هو الأصل أن النساء لسن من أهل القتال، ولا يجب عليهن الجهاد، كما قال النبي ﷺ حين سألته عائشة ﵂: هل على النساء جهاد؟ قال: «عليهنّ جهاد لا قتال فيه الحج والعمرة» (١). وكذلك أيضاً لا جزية على عبد؛ لأنه لا يملك، فهو بمنزلة الفقير أو أشد، ومُلك العبد لسيده لقول النبي ﷺ: «من باع عبداً وله مال فماله للذي باعه إلا أن يشترطه المبتاع» (٢). قوله: «ولا فقير يعجز عنها» لأن الفقير ليس له مال، وكل

(١) أخرجه الإمام أحمد (٦/ ٧١، ١٦٥) وابن ماجه في المناسك/ باب الحج جهاد النساء (٢٩٠١) قال الحافظ في البلوغ (٧٠٩) بإسناد صحيح. (٢) أخرجه البخاري في المساقاة/ باب الرجل يكون له ممر أو شرب في حائط أو في نخل (٢٣٧٩)؛ ومسلم في البيوع/ باب من باع نخلاً عليها تمر (١٥٤٣) (٨٠)، عن ابن عمر ﵄.