Al-Sharḥ al-Mumtiʿ - Ibn al-'Uthaymin - (8/26)

Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

rather, by merely taking possession of it, it becomes our property. Once it has become property, may it be divided there? The answer is: yes, it may be divided there. Since it has become owned, there is no need to delay its distribution. Each person is given his share of it and may dispose of it as he wishes. If some harm is feared, however, the imam may refrain from dividing it until they are in the lands of Islam.

His statement, “It belongs to those combatants who were present at the battle,” refers to the men who fight. Whoever among them was present is allotted a share. As for one who arrives after the war has ended, he receives nothing from it. Likewise, whoever leaves before the war begins receives nothing from it. Rather, it belongs only to those combatants who were present at the battle. In the commentary, the author cited the statement of Umar, may Allah be pleased with him: “The booty belongs to those who were present at the battle” (1). Whoever was not present has no share in it.

His statement, “One-fifth is taken out,” means that the pronoun refers to the imam or his deputy. That is, the imam, who is the supreme leader of the state, or his representative—such as the commander of the army—takes out one-fifth, meaning one-fifth of the war booty, as Allah, Exalted is He, says:

“And know that whatever spoils of war you gain, then one-fifth thereof is for Allah, the Messenger, his near relatives, orphans, the needy, and the traveller.” [al-Anfal 8:41]

He takes out one-fifth and distributes it among those whom Allah mentioned in the Quran: “Then one-fifth thereof is for Allah, the Messenger, his near relatives, orphans, the needy, and the traveller.” These are five categories. Thus, the fifth is divided into five shares: for Allah

(1) Reported by Abd al-Razzaq (9689); Ibn Abi Shaybah (12/411); Sa'id ibn Mansur (2791); al-Tahawi in al-Sharh (3/245); and al-Bayhaqi (9/50), who authenticated its chain of transmission. Al-Bayhaqi also reported it (9/50-51) from Abu Bakr and Ali, may Allah be pleased with them.

بمجرد الاستيلاء عليها تكون ملكاً لنا، وإذا كانت ملكاً هل يجوز أن تقسم هناك؟ الجواب: نعم يجوز أن تقسم هناك؛ لأنها ما دامت ملكت فلا حاجة إلى تأخير قسمتها، فيعطى كل إنسان ما يناله منها ويتصرف به يميناً وشمالاً، وإن خيف من شر فللإمام ألا يقسمها إلا في بلاد الإسلام. قوله: «وهي لمن شهد الوقعة من أهل القتال» وهم الرجال الذين يقاتلون، فمن شهد منهم فإنه يقسم له، وأما من جاء بعد انتهاء الحرب فإنه لا شيء له منها، وكذلك من انصرف قبل بدء الحرب فإنه ليس له منها شيء، وإنما هي لمن حضر الوقعة من أهل القتال، واستدل المؤلف في الشرح بقول عمر ﵁: «الغنيمة لمن شهد الوقعة» (١)، وأما من لم يشهدها فإنه لا حظَّ له فيها. قوله: «فيخرج الخُمس» الضمير يعود على الإمام أو نائبه، أي: يخرج الإمام الذي هو الرئيس الأعلى في الدولة أو من ينوب عنه كقائد الجيش ـ مثلاً ـ الخمس، أي: خمس الغنيمة؛ لقول الله تعالى: ﴿وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا غَنِمْتُمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ فَأَنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمُسَهُ وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَامَى وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ﴾ [الأنفال: ٤١]، فيخرج الخمس ويصرف على ما ذكر الله في القرآن: ﴿فَأَنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمُسَهُ وَلِلرَّسُولِ وَلِذِي الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَامَى وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ﴾، فهؤلاء خمسة، إذاً الخمس يقسم خمسة أسهم فيكون: (لله

(١) أخرجه عبد الرزاق (٩٦٨٩)؛ وابن أبي شيبة (١٢/ ٤١١)؛ وسعيد بن منصور (٢٧٩١)؛ والطحاوي في «الشرح» (٣/ ٢٤٥)؛ والبيهقي (٩/ ٥٠)، وصحح إسناده، وأخرجه البيهقي (٩/ ٥٠، ٥١) عن أبي بكر وعلي ﵄.