Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

His statement, “the one-eyed, the emaciated, the lame, and the sick”: these four were explicitly mentioned by the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. He was asked, “What should be avoided in sacrificial animals?” He replied, “Four,” and indicated with his fingers: “the one-eyed...” (1) However, the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, qualified this by saying, “the one-eyed animal whose defect is plainly evident” (2): that is, one whose eye protrudes or is sunken. Is there, then, a one-eyed animal whose defect is not evident?

The answer is yes. Suppose it cannot see with one eye, yet when you look at that eye, you would think it sound. Such an animal is one-eyed, but its defect is not apparent, and it is therefore valid. Nevertheless, an animal free of this defect is preferable. The wisdom behind this is, on the one hand, its disfigured appearance and, on the other, its reduced intake of feed. Its disfigured appearance is evident; and its intake of feed is reduced because it sees from only one side, so its ability to take in food is diminished. It may graze on one side of a tree while failing to graze on the other. By stronger analogy, the blind animal falls under the same ruling, for if the loss of one eye prevents validity, then the loss of both eyes does so all the more.

Some scholars who favor discretionary reasoning held that a blind animal is valid, even though a one-eyed animal is not. They argued that the one-eyed animal is prohibited only because its vision is deficient and it grazes from one side alone; whereas, its owner will bring feed to the blind animal, so it suffers no deficiency and is therefore like an animal that can see.

This is a peculiar analogy. One should ask: is this blind animal defective or not defective?

(1) Its source citation has previously been given on p. 89. (2) In the author's Treatise on the Udhiyah (Sacrificial Animal), p. 63, he states: “The one-eyed animal whose defect is plainly apparent is one whose eye has sunk in or protruded. If it is one-eyed and cannot see with that eye, but its defect is not plainly apparent, it is valid, though an animal free of this defect is preferable. As for the ashawaa', which can see by day but not by night, the Shafi'is explicitly state that it is valid, because this is not a plainly apparent one-eyed defect.”
وقوله: «العوراء والعجفاء والعرجاء والمريضة»، هذه الأربع نص عليها النبي ﷺ: «فقد سئل ماذا يتقى من الضحايا؟ قال: أربع وأشار بأصابعه العوراء» (١)، لكن النبي ﷺ قيدها بأنها بينة العور فقال: «العوراء البين عورها» (٢)، وهي التي تكون عينها ناتئة أو غائرة، وهل هناك عوراء غير بيِّن عورها؟ الجواب: نعم، فلو فرضنا أنها لا تبصر بعينها، ولكن إذا نظرت إلى العين ظننتها سليمة، فهذه عوراء ولم يتبين عورها، فتجزئ، ولكن السلامة من هذا العور أولى، والحكمة من ذلك تشويه المنظر من وجه، وقلة الغذاء من وجه آخر، فتشويه المنظر ظاهر، وقلة الغذاء؛ لأنها لا تنظر إلا من جانب واحد، فيقل استيعابها للغذاء، فربما ترعى جانب الشجرة ولا ترعى الجانب الآخر. ويقاس عليها العمياء من باب أولى؛ لأنه إذا كان فقد العين الواحدة مانعاً ففقد العينين من باب أولى. وقال بعض العلماء أهل الاستحسان بالعقول: إن العمياء تجزئ وإن كانت العوراء لا تجزئ؛ لأن العوراء إنما منع منها لكون رؤيتها ناقصة، ترعى من جانب واحد، أما العمياء فإن صاحبها سيأتي لها بالعلف فلا يلحقها نقص، فتكون كالبصيرة. وهذا قياس غريب، فيقال: هل هذه العمياء معيبة أو غير معيبة؟
(١) سبق تخريجه ص (٨٩). (٢) وفي رسالة الأضحية للمؤلف ﵀ ص (٦٣): «العوراء البين عورها: وهي التي انخسفت عينها أو برزت، فإن كانت عوراء لا تبصر بعينها، ولكن عورها غير بين أجزأت، والسليمة من ذلك أولى … فأما العشواء التي تبصر في النهار، ولا تبصر بالليل فصرح الشافعية بأنها تجزئ؛ لأن ذلك ليس عوراً بيناً».

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