returned within the time of standing; so what difference is there between him and one who returns before sunset?

If the third view were adopted—that a sacrificial expiation is binding upon anyone who departs before sunset in all cases, except one who was ignorant and, once informed, returns even after sunset, in which case no sacrificial expiation is due—then that would have some basis. This is because, if he departs before sunset, he has deliberately committed a violation, and so the sacrificial expiation becomes binding upon him because of that violation. His return after the expiation has become binding through his violation does not change anything. But if he was ignorant and departed before sunset, then was told, “This is not permissible,” and returned even after sunset, then no sacrificial expiation is due from him. This is closer to the established principles than the view adopted by the author.

His statement, “But whoever stands only at night is not required to do so,” means: as opposed to standing during the day—namely, one who does not arrive at ‘Arafah until after sunset. This suffices for him, and no sacrificial expiation is due from him, due to the general meaning of the Prophet’s statement, peace and blessings be upon him: “Whoever has stood at ‘Arafah before that, by night or by day, has completed his Hajj and fulfilled his rites of purification.” (1)

Then he proceeds after sunset to Muzdalifah with tranquillity, hastens through the open space, combines the two night prayers there, and spends the night there, …

His statement, “Then he proceeds after sunset to Muzdalifah with tranquillity,” means after making certain that the sun has set. This is because the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, “proceeded after sunset, with Usamah ibn Zayd riding behind him. He proceeded calmly, having drawn the rein of his she-camel tightly until, from the tightness of the rein, her head nearly touched the rear of his saddle; and he gestured with his right hand, saying, ‘O people, tranquillity!’” (2) “For righteousness is not attained by rushing.” (3) And whoever