Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

Missing Hajj occurs when the dawn of the Day of Sacrifice rises before one has stood at Arafah. His Hajj is then missed, and he must offer a compensatory sacrifice for having missed it, provided that he had not stipulated a condition. Likewise, if a person who is required to offer a compensatory sacrifice for omitting an obligatory rite cannot find one, he must fast ten days: three during Hajj and seven upon his return.

For example, if he omits the stoning of the pillars, he must offer a compensatory sacrifice; if he cannot find one, he fasts three days during Hajj and seven upon his return. The rationale is an analogy with the sacrifice of tamattuʿ. But this is open to question, for there is a difference between the sacrifice of tamattuʿ and omitting an obligatory rite.

The sacrifice required for omitting an obligatory rite compensates for a deficiency, whereas the sacrifice required for tamattuʿ and qirān is an expression of gratitude for completion. So how can one be analogized to the other?

Perhaps we should not dispute the obligation of a compensatory sacrifice upon one who omits an obligatory rite—that is, perhaps we may require him to offer it—because there is no evidence establishing such a sacrifice for one who omits an obligatory rite except the report of Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: “Whoever forgets something from his rites, or omits it, let him shed sacrificial blood” (1). There is no report from the Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, stating that whoever omits an obligatory rite must offer a compensatory sacrifice.

Yet the scholars accepted this report, saying: Whoever omits something from his rites must offer a compensatory sacrifice. However, they do not apply it without qualification. If we were to apply it generally, we would say that whoever omits wearing the upper garment under the right arm must offer a compensatory sacrifice; whoever omits praying two rakʿahs behind the Station must offer a compensatory sacrifice; and whoever omits remaining at al-Mashʿar al-Haram until daylight has fully spread must offer a compensatory sacrifice. Thus, they interpret it as referring to one who omits or forgets something obligatory from his rites.

They said that this report of Ibn Abbas has the ruling of a report traced back to the Prophet. But it may be said that it does not have that ruling, for what is accorded the status of a report traced back to the Prophet is a statement made by a Companion in a matter where personal reasoning has no scope. Here, however, personal reasoning may have a role. Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, may have held that, since violating the rites by doing something prohibited entails a compensatory sacrifice, violating the rites by omitting something commanded is likewise. Thus, personal reasoning may have a role in it.

Therefore, it is not sound to cite it as proof that a compensatory sacrifice is obligatory for omitting an obligatory rite, or that one who cannot find it must fast ten days.

(1) Reported by Malik in al-Muwatta (1/419), al-Daraqutni (2/244), and al-Bayhaqi (5/30) as a mawquf report (stopping at a Companion). Al-Ta'liq al-Mughni states: “All its narrators are trustworthy.” Ibn Hajar said in al-Talkhis (no. 972): “As for the marfu' version (attributed to the Prophet), Ibn Hazm narrated it ... but deemed it defective because of Ali ibn Ahmad al-Maqdisi and his teacher, Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Sahl al-Marwazi ... saying: ‘They are both unknown.’”
والفوات أن يطلع فجر يوم النحر قبل أن يقف بعرفة، فيفوته الحج، ويلزمه دم لفواته إذا لم يكن اشترط، وكذا الدم الواجب لترك واجب إذا عدمه يصوم عشرة أيام، ثلاثة في الحج وسبعة إذا رجع. مثاله: لو ترك رمي الجمرات فيلزمه دم، فإن عدمه صام ثلاثة أيام في الحج وسبعة إذا رجع؛ والعلة القياس على دم المتعة، ولكن هذا فيه نظر؛ لأن هناك فرقاً بين دم المتعة، وبين ترك الواجب. فالدم الواجب لترك الواجب دم جبران للنقص، والدم الواجب للمتعة والقران دم شكران للتمام، فكيف نقيس هذا على هذا؟ لعلنا لا نعارض في وجوب الدم على من ترك الواجب، بمعنى عسى أن نلزمه بالدم؛ لأنه لا دليل على إيجاب الدم على من ترك الواجب إلا أثر ابن عباس ﵄ أنه قال: «من نسي شيئاً من نسكه، أو تركه فليهرق دماً» (١)، فالرسول ﵊ لم يرد عنه أن من ترك واجباً فعليه دم. لكن هذا الأثر تلقاه العلماء بالقبول، وقالوا: من ترك شيئاً من نسكه فعليه دم، مع أنهم لا يقولون بإطلاقه، ولو قلنا بإطلاقه، لقلنا من ترك الاضطباع فعليه دم، ومن ترك صلاة ركعتين خلف المقام فعليه دم، ومن ترك الوقوف عند المشعر الحرام حتى يسفر فعليه دم، فيحملونه على من ترك شيئاً من نسكه الواجب أو نسيه. قالوا: وله، ـ أي: لأثر ابن عباس ـ حكم الرفع، ولكن قد يقال: هذا ليس له حكم الرفع؛ لأن ما يثبت له حكم الرفع ما قاله الصحابي وليس للرأي فيه مجال، وهنا ربما يكون للرأي فيه مجال، فربما يرى ابن عباس ﵄، أنه إذا كان انتهاك النسك بفعل المحظور موجباً للدم، فانتهاك النسك بترك المأمور مثله، فيكون للرأي فيه مجال. فلا يستقيم الاستدلال به على وجوب الدم بترك الواجب، أو صيام عشرة أيام على من عدمه.
(١) أخرجه مالك في «الموطأ» (١/ ٤١٩)، والدارقطني (٢/ ٢٤٤)، والبيهقي (٥/ ٣٠)، موقوفاً، وقال في التعليق المغني: «رواته كلهم ثقات»، وقال ابن حجر في «التلخيص» (٩٧٢): «وأما المرفوع فقد رواه ابن حزم … وأعله بعلي بن أحمد المقدسي، وشيخه أحمد بن علي بن سهل المروزي … وقال: هما مجهولان».

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