a vow to fast ten days.” By this he intends to induce himself to speak to him. If the day passes without his speaking to him, we say to him: You have the choice: if you wish, fast ten days; and if you wish, offer expiation for your oath.
An example of affirmation is when he says to someone who has called him a liar: “If I am not truthful in what I said, then I owe Allah a vow to fast for a month.” An example of denial is when he says to someone: “If what you are saying is true, then I owe Allah a vow to fast for two months.”
“I‘tikaf is valid only in a mosque in which congregational prayer is held, except for a woman, for whom it is valid in every mosque other than the mosque in her home …”
His statement, “It is valid only in a mosque in which congregational prayer is held,” means that i‘tikaf is valid only in a mosque where the congregational prayer is established. It is not a condition that the Friday prayer be held there, because a mosque in which congregational prayer is not held does not properly deserve the designation of a mosque. This is one consideration. Another is that if a person observed i‘tikaf in a mosque where congregational prayer is not held—for example, a mosque abandoned by its people, or one from which they have moved away—then he must either forgo the congregational prayer and remain in that mosque, which entails abandoning an obligation in order to perform a sunnah act; or he must frequently leave to attend the congregational prayer, and frequent departure is contrary to i‘tikaf.
For this reason, they said that it must be observed in a mosque where congregational prayer is held—unless his i‘tikaf is only for the period between two prayers, or for one prayer, according to the view that it is valid at any time. In that case, it is not a condition that it be in a mosque where congregational prayer is held, since he has no need for this: the period of i‘tikaf does not exceed two or three hours.
His statement, “Except for a woman, for whom it is valid in every mosque,” means that her i‘tikaf is valid and recommended