But if he puts on the second one while in a state of ritual impurity, he may not wipe over it, because he put it on without being in a state of purity.

His statement, “the ruling applies to the upper one,” is meant to clarify permissibility: he may wipe over the lower one even if the ruling applies to the upper one.

If, in a case where he may wipe over the upper one, he removes it after having wiped over it, he may not wipe over the lower one. This is the established position of the school . . .

The second view is that it is permissible, by treating the two leather socks like an outer layer and a lining (1). This is analogous to a leather sock made of two layers: the upper layer is called the outer layer, and the lower one the lining. If we suppose that, in such a leather sock, the outer layer—the upper surface—tears after one has wiped over it, he may wipe over the lining, which is the lower surface, even according to the established position of the school (2).

Those who permit wiping over the lower leather sock after removing the upper one following invalidation of ablution say that the two are like an outer layer and a lining; thus, they are like a single leather sock. This view is easier for people, because many people wear two leather socks over a regular sock and wipe over them. When they wish to sleep, they remove them. According to the established position of the school, they may not wipe over the regular sock after removing the two leather socks, because the period for wiping ends when that which was wiped over is removed. According to the second view, however, he may wipe over the regular sock; then, if he wipes and puts on