Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

His statement, “and ignorant conduct,” means foolishness and a lack of forbearance, such as clamour in the marketplaces, reviling people, and the like. This is why the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “When one of you is fasting, let him not engage in clamour”—that is, let him not raise his voice; rather, he should be well mannered—“nor use obscene speech. If someone insults him or fights with him, let him say, ‘I am fasting.’” (1)

Thus, he ought to be well mannered. From this we recognize the profound wisdom behind the legislation of fasting. If we were brought up through this great discipline, we would emerge from Ramadan possessing noble character, steadfast commitment, good morals, and proper manners, for fasting is, in reality, a form of training.

Issue: Some of the early generations held that prohibited speech and prohibited actions invalidate the fast, such as backbiting. However, when Imam Ahmad, may Allah have mercy on him, was asked about this and was told, “So-and-so says that backbiting breaks the fast,” he replied, “If it broke the fast, none of us would have any fasting left.”

The principle concerning this is that if something is prohibited within the act of worship itself, it invalidates it; but if its prohibition is general, it does not invalidate it. Thus, eating and drinking invalidate the fast, unlike backbiting. For this reason, the correct view is that prayer in an unlawfully appropriated garment, and prayer performed using unlawfully appropriated water, are valid, because the prohibition does not pertain to the prayer itself. The Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, did not say, “Do not pray in an unlawfully appropriated garment or with unlawfully appropriated water”; rather, the prohibition is general.

It is recommended for one who is insulted to say, “I am fasting,” …

His statement, “It is recommended for one who is insulted to say, ‘I am fasting,’” means that if someone insults him—that is, mentions a fault of his or disparages him in his presence, which is synonymous with reviling him—and likewise if

(1) Narrated by al-Bukhari in al-Sawm (Fasting), chapter: “Should he say, ‘I am fasting,’ if he is insulted?” (1904); and by Muslim in al-Siyam (Fasting), chapter: “The virtue of fasting” (1151 [163]), on the authority of Abu Hurayrah.
وقوله: «والجهل» أي: السفاهة، وعدم الحلم، مثل الصخب في الأسواق، والسب مع الناس، وما أشبه ذلك، ولهذا قال النبي ﷺ: «إذا كان يوم صوم أحدكم فلا يصخب ـ يعني لا يرفع صوته، بل يكون مؤدباً ـ ولا يرفث وإن أحد سابه أو قاتله فليقل إني صائم» (١) فينبغي أن يكون مؤدباً وبهذا نعرف الحكمة البالغة من مشروعية الصوم، فلو أننا تربينا بهذه التربية العظيمة لخرج رمضان، والإنسان على خلق كريم من الالتزام، والأخلاق، والآداب، لأنه تربية في الواقع. مسألة: ذهب بعض السلف إلى أن القول المحرم والفعل المحرم في الصوم يبطله؛ كالغيبة، ولكن الإمام أحمد ﵀ لما سئل عن ذلك، وقيل له: إن فلاناً يقول: إن الغيبة تفطر؟ قال: لو كانت تفطر ما بقي لنا صيام. والقاعدة في ذلك أن المحرم إذا كان محرماً في ذات العبادة أفسدها، وإن كان تحريمه عاماً لم يفسدها، فالأكل والشرب يفسدان الصوم، بخلاف الغيبة، ولهذا كان الصحيح أن الصلاة في الثوب المغصوب، وبالماء المغصوب صحيحة؛ لأن التحريم ليس عائداً للصلاة؛ فلم يقل الرسول ﷺ: لا تصلوا في الثوب المغصوب أو بالماء المغصوب، فالنهي عام. وسُنَّ لِمَنْ شُتِمَ قَوْلُهُ: إِنِّي صَائِمٌ، ............. قوله: «وسن لمن شتم قوله: إني صائم» أي: إن شتمهُ أحد، أي: ذكره بعيب أو قدح فيه أمامه، وهو بمعنى السب، وكذلك لو
(١) أخرجه البخاري في الصوم/ باب هل يقول إني صائم إذا شتم (١٩٠٤)؛ ومسلم في الصيام/ باب فضل الصيام (١١٥١) (١٦٣) عن أبي هريرة ﵁.

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