be said to belong to the previous night, though it was not seen then for some reason. Even so, we cannot be certain of this.
His statement, “to the coming night,” is likewise not unrestricted. If it is sighted below the sun—meaning that it is closer to the west than the sun—then it certainly does not belong to the coming night, because it is ahead of the sun. The crescent is not considered a crescent unless it sets after the sun.
For example, if it is sighted half an hour before sunset and sets fifteen minutes before sunset, then it certainly does not belong to the coming night, because it set before the sun set. If it sets before the sun, then its sighting is of no consequence, since what matters is that it be seen after sunset, having set later than the sun.
If the people of one locality sight it, all people must fast.
His statement, “If the people of one locality sight it, all people must fast”: what is meant here by “the people of one locality” is those whose sighting establishes the crescent. Thus, this is a general expression intended to refer to a specific group. It does not mean every inhabitant of that locality—male and female, young and old. If its sighting is established in one place, then all people, in the east and west of the earth, must fast. This is indicated by:
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The Prophet’s statement, may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him: “Fast upon sighting it, and end the fast upon sighting it.” (1) The address is directed to the entire Ummah.
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This is more conducive to the unity of the Muslims and the solidarity of their ranks,