to learn but does not do so, when some doubt has arisen for him. For example, a man may be told, “This is forbidden,” while he believes it to be lawful; at the very least, this should give rise to uncertainty for him. In that case, he is obliged to learn until he reaches certainty concerning the ruling.
Such a person may not be excused on account of his ignorance, because he was negligent in seeking knowledge, and negligence removes the excuse. But one who is ignorant, has no doubt whatsoever, and believes that what he follows is true—or says that it is the truth—undoubtedly does not intend to مخالفة (go against Allah’s command), nor does he intend sin or disbelief. Therefore, we cannot declare him a disbeliever, even if he is ignorant of one of the fundamental matters of religion. Belief in zakat and in its being obligatory is one of the fundamental matters of religion, yet an ignorant person is not declared a disbeliever on that account.
Accordingly, the condition of many Muslims in certain Muslim lands becomes clear: they invoke the dead for help, without knowing that this is forbidden. Rather, they have been misled into believing that this is among the means of drawing nearer to Allah, and that this person is a righteous friend of Allah, and the like. They adhere to Islam, are zealous for it, and believe that what they do is part of Islam; moreover, no one has come to warn them. Such people are excused. They are not held accountable in the manner of the obstinate person to whom the scholars say, “This is shirk,” and who replies, “This is what I found my fathers and grandfathers doing.” The ruling on the latter is that of those concerning whom Allah, Exalted is He, says:
“Indeed, we found our fathers upon a religion, and we are, in their footsteps, rightly guided.” [al-Zukhruf 43:22]
If it is said, “How can these people be excused while the people of the interval were not excused, when the Messenger ﷺ said, ‘My father and your father are in Hell’?” (1), the reply is: As for the people of the interval, we have no right