count toward the quorum by which the Friday prayer is established, nor is it obligatory upon him personally; nor may he serve as its preacher or imam, even if he intends to remain for two or three years.

A permanent resident is one who has made a town his permanent home.

With regard to wiping over leather socks, the ruling for a temporary resident is the same as that for a permanent resident. Likewise, he is treated as a permanent resident in being required to perform the prayer in full and in being forbidden to break his fast during Ramadan. However, he is not like a permanent resident with respect to the Friday prayer: it is not obligatory upon him personally, and he may not serve as its imam or preacher. Thus, he occupies an intermediate position between two categories, for which there is no evidence.

His statement, “one day and one night,” is based on the hadith of Ali—may Allah be pleased with him—who said: “The Prophet—may Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him—set one day and one night for the resident, and three days with their nights for the traveller.” Recorded by Muslim (1).

This is an explicit, clear, and detailed text.

“And for a traveller, three days and their nights, beginning from ritual impurity after putting them on …”

His statement, “And for a traveller, three days and their nights,” is unrestricted and includes both long and short journeys.

It also includes journeys in which shortening the prayer is permitted and those in which it is not, since there may be a long journey during which the prayer may not be shortened, such as a prohibited journey or, according to the school’s position, a disliked one—for example, someone who travels in order to drink wine or to seek enjoyment with prostitutes.

The school’s position is that travel here is restricted to travel during which shortening the prayer is permitted, and this is perhaps what the author—may Allah have mercy on him—intended.

His statement, “beginning from ritual impurity after putting them on”: the word “from” indicates the starting point; that is, the beginning