If someone were to say: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “No zakah is due from a Muslim on his slave or his horse.” (1)
We say: Yes, he did say this, but he did not say that no zakah is due on trade goods which are not sought for their own sake, but rather for their value.
His saying, “his slave and his horse,” is a possessive construction denoting personal use—that is, something a person has set aside for himself, which he uses and benefits from. Thus, no zakah is due on a horse, slave, garment, house in which one lives, or car that one uses, even if it is used for hire. This is because a person has acquired these things for himself, not in order to trade in them by buying them today and selling them tomorrow. Therefore, whoever cites this hadith as evidence that zakah is not obligatory on trade goods has gone far astray.
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The saying of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him: “Actions are judged only by intentions, and every person shall have only what he intended.” (2) This is, in my view, the strongest evidence. If we were to ask a merchant what he seeks through these assets, he would say: “I seek gold and silver. If I buy a commodity today and make a profit from it tomorrow or the day after, I sell it. I have no intention whatsoever of keeping the commodity itself.”
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It has likewise been narrated that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, ordered zakah to be paid on whatever is prepared for sale, but this hadith is weak. (3)