Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

If someone were to say: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “No zakah is due from a Muslim on his slave or his horse.” (1)

We say: Yes, he did say this, but he did not say that no zakah is due on trade goods which are not sought for their own sake, but rather for their value.

His saying, “his slave and his horse,” is a possessive construction denoting personal use—that is, something a person has set aside for himself, which he uses and benefits from. Thus, no zakah is due on a horse, slave, garment, house in which one lives, or car that one uses, even if it is used for hire. This is because a person has acquired these things for himself, not in order to trade in them by buying them today and selling them tomorrow. Therefore, whoever cites this hadith as evidence that zakah is not obligatory on trade goods has gone far astray.

  1. The saying of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him: “Actions are judged only by intentions, and every person shall have only what he intended.” (2) This is, in my view, the strongest evidence. If we were to ask a merchant what he seeks through these assets, he would say: “I seek gold and silver. If I buy a commodity today and make a profit from it tomorrow or the day after, I sell it. I have no intention whatsoever of keeping the commodity itself.”

  2. It has likewise been narrated that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, ordered zakah to be paid on whatever is prepared for sale, but this hadith is weak. (3)

(1) Its source reference has already been provided on p. 127. (2) Its source reference has already been provided on p. 41. (3) Reported by Abu Dawud, Book of Zakat, chapter: “Are trade goods subject to zakat?” (1562), on the authority of Samurah ibn Jundub, may Allah be pleased with him. Al-Hafiz stated in Bulugh al-Maram (623): “Its chain of transmission is weak.”
فإن قال قائل: إن الرسول ﷺ قال: «ليس على المسلم في عبده ولا فرسه صدقة» (١). قلنا: نعم قال ذلك، ولكنه لم يقل: ليس في العروض التي لا تراد لعينها، إنما تراد لقيمتها ليس فيها زكاة. وقوله ﷺ: «عبده وفرس» كلمة مضافة للإنسان للاختصاص، يعني الذي جعله خاصاً، يستعمله وينتفع به؛ فالفرس والعبد والثوب والبيت الذي يسكنه، والسيارة التي يستعملها ولو للأجرة، كل هذه ليس فيها زكاة؛ لأن الإنسان اتخذها لنفسه ولم يتخذها ليتجر بها، يشتريها اليوم ويبيعها غداً. وعلى هذا فمن استدل بهذا الحديث على عدم وجوب زكاة العروض فقد أبعد. ٢ ـ قول الرسول ﷺ: «إنما الأعمال بالنيات، وإنما لكل امرئ ما نوى» (٢) وهذا أقوى دليل عندي، ونحن لو سألنا التاجر ماذا يريد بهذه الأموال، لقال: أريد الذهب والفضة، فإذا اشتريت السلعة اليوم وربحت فيها غداً أو بعد غد بعتها، ليس لي قصد في ذاتها إطلاقاً. ٣ ـ وكذلك روي عن النبي ﷺ: أنه أمر بإخراج الزكاة عما يعد للبيع، ولكن هذا الحديث فيه ضعف (٣).
(١) سبق تخريجه ص (١٢٧). (٢) سبق تخريجه ص (٤١). (٣) أخرجه أبو داود في الزكاة/ باب العروض إذا كانت للتجارة هل فيها زكاة؟ (١٥٦٢) عن سمرة بن جندب ﵁ قال الحافظ في البلوغ (٦٢٣): «إسناده لين».

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