Al-Sharḥ al-Mumtiʿ - Ibn al-'Uthaymin - (6/81)

Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

The baydar is the place where fruits and crops are gathered; it is also called the jarīn or baydar. When people harvested fruit, they would designate a spacious area in which to place it; likewise, when they reaped crops, they would designate a spacious area in which to thresh them. Thus, the obligation does not become definitive until they are placed in the threshing floor.

The evidence that the obligation becomes definitive upon placing them in the threshing floor is Allah’s saying: “Give its due on the day of its harvest.” When crops are harvested, they are immediately placed in the threshing floors.

If they perish after the fruit has begun to ripen and the grain has hardened, but before they are placed in the threshing floor, the zakah is waived—unless this resulted from his transgression or negligence, in which case it is not waived.

Once he has placed them in the threshing floor, zakah becomes due from him, even if they perish without any transgression or negligence on his part, because the obligation has become definitive upon him and has become a debt he owes.

Accordingly, the destruction of fruits and crops falls into three cases:

The first case: they perish before zakah becomes obligatory—that is, before the grain has hardened and before the fruit begins to ripen. In this case, the owner owes nothing whatsoever, whether they perish through his transgression, negligence, or otherwise, because zakah was not yet obligatory.

The second case: they perish after zakah has become obligatory but before they are placed in the threshing floor. This requires further detail: if this resulted from his transgression or negligence, he is liable for the zakah; but if it occurred without transgression or negligence, he is not liable.

The third case: they perish after being placed in the threshing floor—that is, after the fruit has been harvested and placed there, or after the crop has been reaped and placed there. In this case, zakah is due from him in all circumstances, because it has become definitive upon him and has become a debt he owes. When a person incurs a debt, the destruction of his property does not absolve him of it.

«البيدر» هو المحل الذي تجمع فيه الثمار والزروع، ويسمى الجرين والبيدر؛ وذلك أنهم كانوا إذا جذوا الثمر جعلوا له مكاناً فسيحاً يضعونه فيه، وكذلك إذا حصدوا الزرع جعلوا له مكاناً فسيحاً يدوسونه فيه، فلا يستقر الوجوب إلا إذا جعلها في البيدر. والدليل على أن استقرار الوجوب يكون بجعلها في البيدر قوله تعالى: ﴿وَآتُوا حَقَّهُ يَوْمَ حَصَادِهِ﴾؛ وإذا حصد الزرع فإنه يجعل في البيادر فوراً. فإن تلفت بعد بدو الصلاح، واشتداد الحب، وقبل جعلها في البيدر، فإنها تسقط ما لم يكن ذلك بتعدٍ منه أو تفريط، فإنها لا تسقط. وإذا جعلها في البيدر فإنها تجب عليه، ولو تلفت بغير تعد ولا تفريط؛ لأنه استقر الوجوب في ذمته فصارت ديناً عليه. وعلى هذا فيكون لتلف الثمار والزرع ثلاث أحوال: الحال الأولى: أن يتلفا قبل وجوب الزكاة، أي: قبل اشتداد الحب وقبل صلاح الثمر، فهذا لا شيء على المالك مطلقاً، سواء تلف بتعد أو تفريط، أو غير ذلك، والعلة عدم الوجوب. الحال الثانية: أن يتلفا بعد وجوب الزكاة، وقبل جعله في البيدر، ففي ذلك تفصيل: إن كان بتعد منه أو تفريط ضمن الزكاة، وإن كان بلا تعد ولا تفريط لم يضمن. الحال الثالثة: أن يتلفا بعد جعله في البيدر، أي: بعد جَذِّهِ ووضعه في البيدر، أو بعد حصاده ووضعه في البيدر، فعليه الزكاة مطلقاً؛ لأنها استقرت في ذمته فصارت ديناً عليه، والإنسان إذا وجب عليه دين، وتلف ماله فلا يسقط عنه.