has not been mentioned, and the word “up to” must necessarily be used here; for if it were omitted and He simply said, “Wash your hands,” then only the hands up to the wrists would have to be washed. This is because, when the word “hand” is used without qualification, it refers to the hand up to the wrist, as indicated by Allah’s saying: “As for the male thief and the female thief, cut off their hands” [al-Ma’idah 5:38]. The thief’s hand is cut off at the wrist. Likewise, Allah says concerning dry ablution: “Wipe over your faces and hands with it” [al-Ma’idah 5:6]. In dry ablution, the hands are wiped only up to the wrists, as established by the practice of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him.

If someone were to rely on the apparent wording—which is not truly apparent—and say that it is preferable to begin at the fingertips, then I hope there is no harm in doing so.

The author’s use of the phrase “including the elbows” is intended by way of explanation and clarification.

Then he wipes his entire head, including the ears, once. ...

His statement, “Then he wipes his entire head, including the ears, once,” means that he does not wash it; rather, he wipes it. This is part of Allah Most High’s easing of matters for His servants, because the head is generally covered with hair, and water remains in the hair. The hair retains the water, which then runs down onto the body and causes discomfort, especially during the winter days.

His statement, “including the ears,” is supported by the following:

1. It is established from the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, that he would wipe his ears along with his head. (1)

2. The ears are part of the head. (2)