Al-Sharḥ al-MumtiʿIbn al-'Uthaymin

and give zakah, then they are your brothers in faith.” [At-Tawbah: 11] Thus, He made the establishment of brotherhood contingent upon these three qualities: that they repent from polytheism, establish prayer, and give zakah. Brotherhood in faith can only cease when a person leaves the religion. As for one who commits major sins, he remains our brother. Regarding the intentional killer, Allah says:

“O you who believe! Retaliation is prescribed for you in cases of murder: a free man for a free man, a slave for a slave, and a female for a female. But if the offender is pardoned by his brother, then there should be a suitable follow-up...” [Al-Baqarah: 178]

He, Most High, says: “O you who believe! Retaliation is prescribed for you in cases of murder: a free man for a free man, a slave for a slave, and a female for a female. But if the offender is pardoned by his brother, then there should be a suitable follow-up...” That is, by the slain person; and the pronoun refers to the killer. Thus, Allah has made the slain person a brother to the killer.

Allah, Most High, also says concerning believers who fight one another: “The believers are but brothers, so make peace between your brothers.” [Al-Hujurat: 10]

Although killing a believer and fighting him are among the major sins, brotherhood in faith cannot cease except through disbelief. This indicates that one who withholds zakah is a disbeliever.

There is no doubt that this view has considerable force in its use of this verse as evidence. However, the authentic hadith of Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, recorded in Sahih Muslim, indicates that zakah does not have the same ruling as prayer.

The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, mentioned the one who withholds the zakah due on gold and silver, and described his punishment. He then said: “Then he will be shown his path, either to Paradise or to the Fire.” (1) Had he been a disbeliever, he would have had no path to Paradise.

If someone were to say: “If you qualify the verse in Surat al-Tawbah in the case of one who withholds zakah,”

(1) Muslim narrated it in Zakat, chapter: “The Sin of Withholding Zakat” (987), on the authority of Abu Hurayrah.
وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ فَإِخْوَانُكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ﴾ [التوبة: ١١] فرتب ثبوت الأخوة على هذه الأوصاف الثلاثة: إن تابوا من الشرك، وأقاموا الصلاة، وآتوا الزكاة، ولا يمكن أن تنتفي الأخوة في الدين إلا إذا خرج الإنسان من الدين، أما إذا فعل الكبائر فهو أخ لنا، فالقاتل عمداً قال الله فيه: ﴿يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدُ بِالْعَبْدِ وَالأُنْثَى بِالأُنْثَى فَمَنْ عُفِيَ لَهُ مِنْ أَخِيهِ شَيءٌ فَاتِّبَاعٌ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ﴾ [البقرة: ١٧٨]. فقال ﷾: ﴿يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدُ بِالْعَبْدِ وَالأُنْثَى بِالأُنْثَى فَمَنْ عُفِيَ لَهُ مِنْ أَخِيهِ شَيءٌ فَاتِّبَاعٌ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ﴾ أي: المقتول، والضمير يعود على القاتل، فجعل الله المقتول أخاً للقاتل. وقال الله ـ تعالى ـ في المقتتلين من المؤمنين: ﴿إِنَّمَا الْمُؤْمِنُونَ إِخْوَةٌ فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَ أَخَوَيْكُمْ﴾ [الحجرات: ١٠]. مع أن قتل المؤمن وقتاله من كبائر الذنوب، فلا يمكن أن تنتفي الأخوة في الدين إلا بكفر، فدل على كفر تارك الزكاة. ولا شك أن هذا القول له وجه جيد في الاستدلال بهذه الآية، لكن دل حديث أبي هريرة ﵁ الثابت في صحيح مسلم على أن الزكاة ليس حكمها حكم الصلاة. حيث ذكر النبي ﷺ مانع زكاة الذهب والفضة، وذكر عقوبته، ثم قال: «ثم يرى سبيله إما إلى الجنة، وإما إلى النار» (١)، ولو كان كافراً لم يكن له سبيل إلى الجنة. فإذا قال قائل: إذا خصصتم آية التوبة بالنسبة لتارك الزكاة،
(١) أخرجه مسلم في الزكاة/ باب إثم مانع الزكاة (٩٨٧) عن أبي هريرة ﵁.

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