—but not excessively hot, so as to harm the skin. Rather, it should be warm enough to cleanse more effectively than cold water. It may be heated by any fuel source, whether electricity, gas, firewood, or otherwise. Among the common people, it is said that the water used to wash the deceased may only be heated with palm fronds, and not by anything else. This has no basis. Rather, it may be heated by whatever produces heat.

His statement, “and ushnan”: ushnan is a well-known plant that grows in the wilderness. It is gathered, dried, and crushed, becoming like grains of sand with which clothes are washed and a person cleans his skin.

Ushnan is used when needed for cleansing, since there may be dirt or grease on the skin that water alone does not remove, whereas ushnan removes it. If there is no need for it, then it should not be used.

Is soap treated in the same way?

The answer is: Yes, soap is like ushnan; indeed, it is more effective in cleansing. Thus, there is no harm in using soap to remove dirt.

Should a loofah be used along with the soap?

The answer is: No, because a loofah may scratch the skin. Perhaps the one washing him, out of excessive concern for cleanliness, may rub him harshly, causing the skin to be affected. It is sufficient to wipe with the hand.

His statement, “and a toothpick may be used when needed,” means a toothpick for the teeth. If there is food between his teeth, it may be used, since this cleans his teeth.