after the excuse has ended. Thus, if the excuse was sleep, you make them up when you awaken; and if it was forgetfulness, you make them up when you remember.

The second is that which is not made up if its time has passed, such as the Friday prayer. If its time ends before the people have prayed it, they do not make it up; rather, they pray Zuhr. Likewise, if a person misses it with the congregation, he does not make it up; rather, he prays Zuhr in its place.

The third is that which is not made up after its time has passed except during its prescribed time on the following day: namely, the Eid prayer. It is not made up on the same day; rather, it is made up at its prescribed time the next day.

[The fourth is that which is not made up at all, such as the eclipse prayer. If they do not learn of it until after the eclipse has cleared, they do not make it up. Likewise, we say: every prayer connected to a particular cause is not made up once its cause has passed.]

His statement, “It is recommended to perform it in an open outdoor space,” means that it is recommended to hold it in an open space outside the town. It should be nearby, so that it does not cause hardship for the people.

The evidence is the practice of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and his Rightly Guided Caliphs, for they would pray it in an open outdoor space (1). Had this not been something intended, they would not have burdened themselves or the people with going out beyond the town.

[The reason is that this makes the observance of this rite more manifest.]

His statement, “and to perform the Eid al-Adha prayer early; the reverse applies to Eid al-Fitr,” means that it is recommended to perform the Eid al-Adha prayer early, whereas Eid al-Fitr is to be delayed.

The evidence for this is both textual tradition and rational consideration.