consider forty to be the required number, then they should not pray Jumu‘ah, because the thirty-nine say, “We will not pray,” leaving only one person; and Jumu‘ah cannot be validly established with him alone. They should therefore pray Zuhr.
This issue mentioned by the scholars—may Allah have mercy on them—shows us that a person should be broad-minded. The scholars waived Jumu‘ah because of disagreement, and they deemed it obligatory because of disagreement. In issues of legitimate scholarly disagreement, in which independent reasoning is permissible, a person should not be so harsh as to declare others misguided. It is from Allah’s mercy, exalted is He, that He does not hold one accountable for a disagreement arising from independent reasoning: whoever is correct receives two rewards, and whoever errs receives one reward.
Part of the guidance and methodology of Ahl al-Sunnah wa’l-Jama‘ah is that they do not declare others misguided so long as the issue is one in which independent reasoning is permissible. They even stated: “The caliphs are four: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. Whoever disputes their order in the caliphate is misguided.” That is, whoever says that Ali had a greater right to the caliphate than Abu Bakr is misguided. Imam Ahmad—may Allah have mercy on him—even said, “He is more misguided than his family’s donkey.”
However, whoever differs concerning the relative merit of Uthman and Ali, saying that Ali is superior to Uthman, is not to be declared misguided, because this is an issue over which there is disagreement among Ahl al-Sunnah. Nevertheless, the position of Ahl al-Sunnah settled upon giving Uthman precedence, in accordance with the order of the caliphate. Thus, if someone holds that the hadiths concerning the virtues of Ali—may Allah be pleased with him—outweigh those concerning the virtues of Uthman—may Allah be pleased with him—he is not to be declared misguided. But whoever gives Ali precedence over Abu Bakr and Umar has impugned Ali himself, for Ali ibn Abi Talib—may Allah be pleased with him—said from the pulpit of Kufa, while addressing the people: “The best