The first of them is the time: its beginning is the beginning of the time for the Eid Prayer, and its end is the end of the time for the Zuhr Prayer . . .
His statement: “The first of them is the time.” This is the first condition, and the author began with it because time is the most emphatic of the conditions of prayer, whether here or with respect to the prescribed times of the five daily prayers. Thus, once the time enters, a person prays according to his circumstances, even if he must leave aside conditions or pillars that he is unable to fulfil. For example, if the time enters while a person is unclothed and has nothing with which to cover his private parts; or he has neither water nor earth; or he is unable to purify himself; or unable to stand; or unable to face the qiblah; or there is impurity on his body that he cannot wash away—we do not say, “Wait until the conditions can be fulfilled.” Rather, if he fears that the time will expire, he prays according to his circumstances.
Here, the author says: “The first of them is the time,” whereas, in the conditions of prayer, he says: “The entry of the time.” Is this merely a difference in wording that does not affect the ruling, or is it a difference in wording that results in a difference in the ruling?
The answer is the latter: it entails a difference in the ruling. The preceding condition among the conditions of prayer is the entry of the time. Therefore, the prayer may be valid even if performed after its prescribed time. Here, however, the prayer is valid only within its time. Thus, if its time has expired and one has not prayed it—even for an excuse such as forgetfulness or sleep—he does not perform the Friday Prayer; rather, he performs Zuhr. Prayer before its time is invalid, both for Friday Prayer and for other prayers. For with prayers other than Friday Prayer, we say, “The time has not entered,” while with Friday Prayer, we say, “It is not within its time.” A prayer performed after the time has expired is valid for prayers other than Friday Prayer, either unconditionally or only due to an excuse, according to the stronger view. But the Friday Prayer performed after its time has expired is never valid.
The evidence that time is a condition is the scholarly consensus that it is valid only within its time; thus, it is not valid before it or after it.