- Making up obligatory prayers during them.
- Performing the two rak‘ahs of circumambulation.
- Repeating the congregational prayer.
According to the madhhab, a fourth case is also exempted: the post-prayer sunnah of Zuhr when it is joined with Asr.
For example, if a man combines Asr with Zuhr by combining them in advance, the prohibited time has begun in his case, because in this situation the prohibition is linked to the prayer itself. If he has not performed the regular post-Zuhr sunnah prayer, there is no harm in performing it after Asr.
A fifth case is that of one who enters on Friday while the imam is delivering the sermon: he should pray two brief rak‘ahs, even if it is at sunrise.
The evidence for this is that “a man entered while the Prophet ﷺ was delivering the Friday sermon, and he sat down. He said to him, ‘Have you prayed?’ He replied, ‘No.’ He said, ‘Get up and pray two rak‘ahs, and keep them brief.’” (1)
Thus, if the imam comes before the sun has passed its zenith—Friday prayer allows the imam to come before noon and begin the sermon when the sun rises and before it passes its zenith, that is, during a prohibited time—and a man enters, then in this case we say: Pray the mosque-greeting prayer, even during a prohibited time.
A sixth case is the sunnah prayer of Fajr before the Fajr prayer.
A seventh case is the funeral prayer, which may be performed during the longer prohibited times. That is, if we have prayed Asr and a funeral arrives, then we pray