as Muslims ride; rather, they were to ride side-saddle—that is, on one side, with all their legs on either the right or the left—so that they would not imitate the Muslims. Likewise, if a person prays at sunrise or sunset, he imitates the polytheists in worship, and this is more serious than imitating them in dress, riding, and the like.

It is permissible to make up obligatory prayers during them, and during the three periods to perform the two rak'ahs of tawaf ........

His statement: “It is permissible to make up obligatory prayers during them.”

“During them” means: during the prohibited times. For example, a person may forget the Zuhr prayer and pray Asr thinking that he had already performed Zuhr. Then, after praying Asr, he remembers that he did not pray Zuhr. In this case, he must make it up even after the Asr prayer. The evidence is the Prophet’s saying, peace and blessings be upon him: “Whoever sleeps through a prayer or forgets it, let him pray it when he remembers it.” (1) This is general and includes all times. Moreover, obligatory prayers are a debt that must be discharged immediately once one becomes aware of it.

Another example: after praying Asr, a man remembers that he prayed Zuhr without ablution. In this case, he is required to make up the Zuhr prayer, even after the Asr prayer.

His statement: “And during the three periods, the two rak'ahs of tawaf may be performed.”

That is, it is permissible during the three periods to perform the two rak'ahs of tawaf. By “the three periods,” he means the short periods mentioned in the hadith of Uqbah ibn Amir: namely, “from the rising of the sun until it rises to the height of a spear”