facing a direction other than the qiblah after having made his best effort to determine it, and then someone comes and tells him, “The qiblah is to your right,” then movement is obligatory in this case: he must move to the right. This is why, when a man came to the people of Qubā’ while they were praying towards Jerusalem and informed them that the qiblah had been changed to the Ka‘bah, they turned during the very prayer and continued building upon their prayer. (1)

If he remembers, while praying, that there is some impurity on his ghutrah, he must remove it in order to remove the impurity, and then continue his prayer.

If it is on his garment and he can remove it without exposing his private parts, he should remove it and continue his prayer. But if he cannot remove it except by exposing his private parts, he must end his prayer, wash his garment or replace it with another, and then begin the prayer anew.

If he remembers that he is not in a state of wudu, then the prayer was never validly commenced. He must therefore go and perform wudu, then start it again from the beginning.

If he prays to the imam’s left when he is the sole follower, then moving to the right is obligatory according to those who hold that the prayer of one standing to the imam’s left is invalid when the imam’s right side is vacant. (2) This is a disputed matter, and it will be discussed later, Allah willing. (3)

Recommended movement is that upon which the completeness of the prayer depends. It has numerous forms, including: