with their armies to Medina, determined to wipe out the believers. Quraysh therefore mustered, along with its allies and client clans from Kinanah, the folk of Najd, and the Aḥābīsh; Ghatafan also gathered with its confederates (1) from Banū Asad, Ashjaʿ, Fazārah, and other Najdi tribes.
The Jews of Qurayzah and of Naḍīr joined as well. The Banū Naḍīr had earlier been expelled by the Prophet ﷺ, as Allah relates in Sūrah al-Hashr; yet in the Confederates’ campaign they came to Qurayzah, who were under covenant (2) with the Prophet ﷺ and lived near Medina. They kept at them (3) [ق 57] until Qurayzah broke the treaty and entered the ranks of the Confederates.
These vast coalitions thus converged, outnumbering the Muslims many times over. The Prophet ﷺ removed the dependants—women and children—to the fortified towers of Medina, structures akin to citadels, and did not transfer them elsewhere. He placed their rear (4) against Mount Salʿ, the hill close to Medina on its western, Syrian side, and dug a trench between himself and the enemy. The foe had surrounded them from both the highlands and the lowlands, and was of a fierce hostility; had he reached the believers, his devastation among them would have been unparalleled.
On this occasion the enemy was further joined by Mongols and other Turkic groups, by Persians, Arabized peoples, various bands of apostates, and by Christians such as Armenians and others. This host (5) encamped beside the Muslims’ territory, poised between advancing—