zindīqs and hypocrites than are found in any other sect; hence the Khurramiyya, the Bāṭiniyya, the Qarmaṭa, the Ismāʿīliyya, the Nuṣayriyya and others of the hypocritical zindīqs all affiliate themselves with the Rāfiḍa.

These hypocrites—in our own times—many of them (1) incline toward the rule of the Tatars, because the Tatars do not oblige them to follow the law of Islam but leave them to whatever path they choose. Some of them, however, distance themselves from the Tatars only because of the latter’s corrupt worldly conduct—their seizure of wealth, their audacity in shedding blood and taking captives—not out of any concern for religion. This is a manifestation of major hypocrisy.

As for minor hypocrisy, it is hypocrisy in deeds and the like: a person lies when he speaks, or (2) breaks his promise when he makes one, betrays when he is entrusted, or behaves outrageously when he disputes. In the two Ṣaḥīḥs (3) the Prophet ﷺ (4) said: “The signs of the hypocrite are three: when he speaks, he lies; when he promises, he breaks his promise; and when he is trusted, he betrays.” In another sound narration he added: “even if he fasts, performs the prayer, and claims to be a Muslim.”

And in the two Ṣaḥīḥs (5) ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAmr reports that the Prophet ﷺ said: “Four traits—whoever possesses them is a pure hypocrite, and whoever has one of them holds a trait of…”