Shaykh Taqi al-Din replied: Your statement that “the thing related acquires no affirmative attribute from the object to which it is related” is not universally valid. Sometimes the related thing does acquire an affirmative attribute from its correlate(1), and sometimes it does not; what most theologians actually say is merely that the object related to speech derives no affirmative attribute from the speech itself(2).
The attributes that pertain to something else fall into two categories.
-
A sheer relation, such as fatherhood, sonship, being above, being below, and the like. Of such an attribute(3) it is said that it is nothing but a relation and a connection, and relations are non-entities.
-
An affirmative attribute that is connected to another, such as love and hate, will and aversion, power, and other similar qualities. Love, for example, is an affirmative attribute directed toward the beloved. Love is the substrate to which the relation attaches, meaning that the relation is an accidental property that befalls it, not that(4) love itself is the relation. Thus there is a difference between that(5) which is itself a mere relation and that which is an attribute to which a relation is attached. In the former case the relation is said to be non-existent, whereas(6) the attached attribute can indeed be affirmative, like love(7).