and alongside these are countless other texts that only Allah can enumerate—texts transmitted with the strongest degree of both verbal and substantive tawātur, yielding certain, definitive knowledge (1), indeed one of the clearest forms of self-evident knowledge—that the Messenger who conveyed Allah’s message imparted to his invited community: that Allah, exalted is He, is upon the Throne and that He is above the heaven [ق 32], just as He instilled this very belief in all nations by their innate nature—Arab and non-Arab alike, in the pre-Islamic period and in Islam—save for those whose innate disposition the devils have led astray (3).
Moreover, the statements of the early generations on this matter, were they gathered together, would reach into the hundreds and even the thousands (4).
Further, there is not a single letter in the Book of Allah, in the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, or in the words of any of the predecessors of the community—whether the Companions, those who followed them with excellence, or the Imams who lived during eras of sectarian passions and disputes—that contradicts this, either explicitly or implicitly (6). None of them ever said that Allah is not in the heaven, or that He is not upon the Throne, or that He, in His very essence, is in every place (7), or that all places are the same in relation to Him, nor that (8)