And just as His knowledge encompasses the entire upper and lower worlds and all the creatures within them—their beings, attributes, actions, and all their affairs—so He knows everything that has happened, everything that will happen throughout the endless future, and how things that never happened would have been had they happened. He knows the states of those accountable to Him from the time He created them, after He causes them to die, and after He brings them back to life. His knowledge encompasses all their deeds, good and evil, the recompense for those deeds, and every detail of this in the everlasting abode1.
The believer who sincerely seeks his own good should therefore strive to the utmost to know Allah’s names and attributes and to affirm His freedom from all imperfection. He should make this his foremost concern, give it the highest priority, and regard it as most deserving of careful study, so that he may attain the greatest share of good.
Let him reflect, for example, on the name “the All-Knowing.” He will then understand that all knowledge, in every aspect and respect, belongs to Allah, the Most High. His knowledge of later events has existed from eternity and will endure forever. He knows matters great and insignificant, small and large. He knows the outward and inward aspects of things, the unseen and the seen, what created beings know of them and what they do not. He knows what is necessary or impossible, and what is possible. He knows what lies beneath the lowest earth just as He knows what lies above the highest heavens. He knows every particular, the secrets concealed in hearts, and the hidden details of everything that has happened and will happen throughout the world and every part of His dominion. His knowledge encompasses all things at all times; nothing is ever hidden from His knowledge, nor does forgetfulness ever affect it. Let the believer recite, in this connection, the verses that affirm this, such as His words in several places:
“And Allah has knowledge of all things.” 2
“Knowing of what is within