The truth, then, is that Allah’s names are established only by revelation, for they belong to the unseen, which can be known only through what has come from Allah and His Messenger, may Allah bless him and grant him peace.
There is therefore no scope for analogy or independent reasoning in affirming or denying them, because reason cannot grasp which names Allah deserves. The Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said: “We cannot adequately praise You; You are as You have praised Yourself” 1.
Once it is clear that Allah’s names are established only by revelation, no name may be derived for Him from an action or an attribute. The range of actions attributable to Him is broader than the range of His names2.
An expression occurring in the Quran or Sunnah with a qualification or in a genitive construction cannot, on that basis alone, be established as a divine name. One example is al-Muntaqim (the Avenger), which occurs only with a qualification, as in His words:
“Indeed, We will take vengeance upon the criminals” 3.
An example of a genitive construction is:
“Knower of the unseen and the seen” 4.
This name is not established from its occurrence in this genitive construction, but from other verses.
If an active participle occurring in the Quran or Sunnah denotes a particular kind of action rather than a general, all-encompassing meaning, it is not one of the most beautiful names. This is because the meanings of the most beautiful names are perfect in goodness: they refer to His essence and do not convey merely a restricted meaning. Examples of such action-specific expressions include “He Who drives the clouds,” “He Who defeats the confederates,” “the Sower,” and al-Dhārī5.